Abstract: Jhunjhunu, a historic place in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, demonstrates a vibrant tradition of medicinal plant use, with numerous species domesticated in household gardens, farms, and community spaces. This research explores the applied use of domesticated medicinal plants in contemporary times, examining the integration of traditional remedies into modern healthcare practices. Data were collected through structured interviews with 110 households, 18 local pansaris, and 12 herbal vendors. Key domesticated species documented included Tulsi, Aloe vera, Ashwagandha, Guduchi, Neem, Harad, Amla, and Mulethi. The findings indicate that traditional knowledge continues to be relevant, adapting to modern lifestyles while preserving cultural identity and promoting biodiversity conservation.

Abstract: Sacred groves (Orans) have historically served as community-protected forest ecosystems across Rajasthan, functioning as reservoirs of biodiversity, cultural memory, and indigenous medical knowledge. In the arid landscapes of the Churu district, where extreme climatic fluctuations, low rainfall, and shifting sand dunes challenge ecological stability, sacred groves play a crucial role in conserving medicinal plant species. This paper explores the phytogeographical distribution, ethnomedicinal relevance, ecological value, and community management systems of sacred groves in Churu. The study draws on field observations, interviews with local herbal practitioners (pansaris), traditional knowledge systems, and existing literature. The findings highlight that species such as Prosopis cineraria (Khejri), Salvadora persica (Pilu), Capparis decidua (Kair), Commiphora wightii (Guggul), and Tecomella undulata (Rohida) persist more successfully within or near sacred grove boundaries. The research concludes that sacred groves act as microclimatic stabilizers, seed banks, and bio-cultural heritage zones and that their role is essential for sustaining traditional medicine and ecological resilience in the Thar desert ecosystem.

Abstract: Traditional Pansari practices in Rajasthan, based on the use of Jadi Buti (medicinal plants), play a crucial role in rural healthcare. This study explores the ethnopharmacological knowledge of Pansaris, documenting medicinal plant usage, preparation methods, and their socio-cultural and economic significance. Field surveys, interviews with 55 Pansaris, and local market observations were conducted in Jhunjhunu, Churu, and Sikar districts. Findings reveal that despite the increasing influence of modern medicine, traditional herbal practices remain essential, especially in areas with limited healthcare infrastructure. Challenges such as plant scarcity, erosion of traditional knowledge, and limited formal recognition are identified. Recommendations include systematic documentation, sustainable harvesting practices, youth education, and integration with modern healthcare systems.

Abstract: Dairying is a major component of the rural economy of Rajasthan, particularly in districts such as Sikar, Alwar, Nagaur, and Jaipur. Dairy farmers are frequently exposed to a range of occupational hazards, including zoonotic diseases, injuries, respiratory problems, and musculoskeletal disorders. This study investigates zoonotic disease risks—such as brucellosis, tuberculosis (bovine TB), leptospirosis, and Q-fever—along with hygiene practices, milking techniques, and environmental sanitation across 14 villages in central and eastern Rajasthan. Data were collected through structured questionnaires (n = 290 farmers), veterinary records, and environmental assessments of cattle sheds. Findings show low awareness of zoonotic diseases, 34% prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, 19% suspected brucellosis cases based on symptom screening, and poor hygiene practices in most cattle sheds. Recommendations include training farmers, improving shed hygiene, promoting protective equipment, and regular screening for zoonosis.

Abstract: Rajasthan, the largest state of India, is characterized by severe aridity, recurrent droughts, extreme climatic variability, and high evapotranspiration. These conditions have drastic consequences for aquatic ecosystems, which are inherently fragile in desert environments. This study examines the impact of water scarcity on aquatic biodiversity in arid and semi-arid zones of Rajasthan, focusing on natural wetlands, man-made tanks, seasonal ponds, stepwells, river fragments, and desert oases. Field surveys were conducted across 32 aquatic sites in districts including Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, Nagaur, Churu, Ajmer, and Jaipur. A total of 58 aquatic species were recorded: 17 fish, 12 amphibians, 15 macro-invertebrates, and 14 aquatic plants. Results indicate significant species decline due to reduced water retention, high salinity, pollution, groundwater depletion, and sedimentation. Endemic and sensitive species such as Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Rana tigrina, and Daphnia spp. were found to be particularly vulnerable. Seasonal drying cycles, fragmentation of hydrological networks, and over-extraction of groundwater have created isolated aquatic pockets, leading to population bottlenecks. The study concludes that sustainable water management, wetland restoration, and awareness programs are crucial to preventing biodiversity loss in Rajasthan's fragile aquatic ecosystems.

Abstract: Western Rajasthan—covering Jodhpur, Barmer, Jaisalmer, and Bikaner—is one of the world’s hottest semi-arid zones, where extreme summer temperatures regularly exceed 48–50°C. Heat waves have intensified over recent decades, increasing the burden of heat-related illnesses including dehydration, heat exhaustion, heat cramps, and heat stroke. This study analyzes the spatial distribution, frequency, and health impacts of heat waves across Western Rajasthan using a medical-geographical approach. Using meteorological data (2000–2017), GIS-based spatial modeling, field surveys across 16 villages and 4 urban wards, and health records from district hospitals, the study assesses population vulnerability. Results indicate that Barmer and Jaisalmer experience the longest heat wave durations, whereas Bikaner records the highest urban heat island intensity. Heat-related morbidity increases significantly among outdoor workers (farmers, laborers), elderly individuals, and low-income groups with inadequate housing. The study concludes that rising temperatures and spatial variations in exposure demand a geographically targeted heat action strategy focusing on early warning systems, improved housing, community cooling shelters, and awareness campaigns.